The monochrome images of old trees, bamboo, rocks, and retirement retreats created by these scholar-artists became emblems of their character and spirit. These men extolled the virtues of self-cultivation-often in response to political setbacks or career disappointments-and asserted their identity as literati through poetry, calligraphy, and a new style of painting that employed calligraphic brushwork for self-expressive ends. At the same time, images of the private retreat proliferated among a new class of scholar-officials. ![]() Faced with the failure of the human order, learned men sought permanence within the natural world, retreating into the mountains to find a sanctuary from the chaos of dynastic collapse.ĭuring the early Song dynasty, visions of the natural hierarchy became metaphors for the well-regulated state. As the Tang dynasty disintegrated, the concept of withdrawal into the natural world became a major thematic focus of poets and painters. Such images might also convey specific social, philosophical, or political convictions.
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